Educação sanitária, discurso eugênico e material de divulgação em saúde no âmbito estadual paulista / Sanitary education, eugenic discourse, and health propaganda material in the state of São Paulo

The present work seeks to understand how eugenic thinking influenced the discourse of Sanitary Education, through analysis of the Collection of the Section of Advertising and Sanitary Education of the Department of Health of São Paulo, during the 1930s. This research, analyze documentary sources, especially the first series of the Collection, in the intention of identification as approximations between sanitary education and eugenics, were incorporate in the material. During the 20th century, the debate about public health issues had become central to political discussions and widely explored in the State of São Paulo. Thus, sanitary education was a strategic propagation of sanitary consciousness' ideas that belief in a lack of education could be one of the reasons for disease. It is also during this context that eugenics gained notoriety in Brazil and the world. In the country, the movement development was related to sanitation and had focused on venereal diseases, education, hygiene habits, and childcare, for example, to make society healthy and fit for work, and to overcome the country's problems. Therefore, this research has relevance beyond the period studied, as it relates to possible ruptures and permanences of this normative perspective in discursive practices in current health problems.

O presente trabalho busca compreender como o pensamento eugênico influenciou o discurso da Educação Sanitária, por meio da análise da Coletânea da Seção de Propaganda e Educação Sanitária (SPES) do Departamento de Saúde de São Paulo, durante a década de 1930. A pesquisa analisa as fontes documentais, especialmente a primeira série da Coletânea, a fim de identificar as aproximações entre educação sanitária e eugenia, incorporadas ao material. Durante as primeiras décadas do século XX, as questões de saúde pública estavam sendo amplamente exploradas, e o debate havia se tornado central nas discussões políticas no estado de São Paulo. Dessa maneira, a educação sanitária passa a ser estratégica na promoção e difusão de uma ideia de consciência sanitária, pois, havia no período um ideário de que a falta de instrução poderia ser um dos fatores causadores de doenças. É nesse contexto também, que as ideias eugênicas ganham notoriedade no Brasil e no mundo. No país, o movimento desenvolve estreita relação com o sanitarismo e tem sua preocupação voltada para doenças venéreas, educação, hábitos de higiene e atenção à infância, por exemplo, a fim de tornar a sociedade saudável e apta para o trabalho, em prol da superação dos problemas do país. Sendo assim, a pesquisa possui relevância para além do período estudado, pois relaciona possíveis rupturas e permanências dessa perspectiva normatizadora nas práticas discursivas em saúde atual.

Educação Sanitária e em Saúde: a trajetória profissional de Rosa Pavone Pimont / Sanitary and Health Education: Rosa Pavone Pimont’s professional trajectory

Sanitary Education, which later began to be called Health Education, is an important area of public health. Organized by the government, we can say that the first recognized professionals in the area were health educators. The act of educating children was a role delegated to women, both domestically and professionally. Thus, the field of health education also became a field, initially, exclusive to women. In an attempt to rescue the history of the professional work of women, especially health educators, this work aims to collaborate with the historiography of health and health education by presenting data and analyzes of the professional career of one of these educators, Rosa Pavone Pimont, who worked at the Butantan Institute intermittently from 1943 until his death in 1981. A qualitative analysis was made from documentary research in primary and secondary sources. It is a work that falls within the area of social history that is based on the documentary and bibliographic analysis of the works carried out by Pimont and presented at events or published in academic or science dissemination magazines. At the end, Pimont's contributions to health and health education are discussed, like her work to stablish an education field in Instituto Butantan.

A Educação Sanitária, que posteriormente começou a ser denominada como Educação em Saúde, é uma área importante da saúde pública. De forma organizada pelo poder público, podemos dizer que os primeiros profissionais reconhecidos da área foram as educadoras sanitárias. O ato de educar as crianças era um papel delegado às mulheres, tanto no âmbito doméstico quanto no profissional. Assim, o ramo da educação sanitária também se tornou um campo, inicialmente, exclusivo das mulheres. Em uma tentativa de resgate da história do trabalho profissional de mulheres, em especial, de educadoras sanitárias, o presente trabalho se propõe a colaborar com a historiografia da educação sanitária e em saúde apresentando dados e análises da carreira profissional de uma dessas educadoras, Rosa Pavone Pimont, que trabalhou no Instituto Butantan de forma intermitente de 1943 até sua morte, em 1983. Foi feita uma análise qualitativa a partir da pesquisa documental em fontes primárias e secundárias. Trata-se de um trabalho que se insere na área de história social, que tem por base a análise documental e bibliográfica dos trabalhos realizados por Pimont e apresentados em eventos ou publicados em revistas acadêmicas ou de divulgação. Ao final, se discute as contribuições de Pimont para a educação sanitária e em saúde, como o trabalho dela para estabelecer uma área educativa dentro do Instituto Butantan.

Evaluation of Sanitary Education and Performance of Sanitary Management among School Food Service Employees in Sejong

This study examined sanitary education and performance of sanitary management among employees related to cooking in school food services in Sejong. A total of 193 subjects (19.2% for kindergarten, 42.5% for elementary school, and 38.3% for middle and high school) participated in this questionnaire survey. The frequency of sanitary education was highest at 63.7% once a month, and it was higher in the order of middle and high school, elementary school, and kindergarten (P < 0.001). The most important contents of sanitary education were personal sanitary management (43.5%), food material management (25.9%), and sanitary and safety management of equipment and utensils (17.6%). The necessity of sanitary education recognized by the subjects was absolutely necessary at 69.9% and necessary at 28.0%. The application of knowledge from sanitary education is high in proper application at 50.8% and absolute application at 40.4%. The improvement effect after sanitary education was higher in kindergarten than in elementary school and middle and high school (P < 0.01). The performance of sanitary management was high at 4.7 out of 5. In particular, personal sanitary management was the highest in elementary school at 4.8 followed in order by middle and high school (4.7) and kindergarten (4.6) (P < 0.01). The necessity of sanitary education and the application of knowledge obtained from sanitary education to the food service showed a significant and positive correlation with the sanitary management performance (P < 0.05, P < 0.001). These results highlight that the need for customized sanitary education for institution types and an awareness of sanitary education by employees will enhance sanitary management in school food service.

[The Social Hygienic Aspects of Prevention of Abortions].

The article presents results of analysis of medical social aspects of artificial abortion. It is established that women with abortion in anamnesis suffer of unsatisfactory health condition in 35.5% of all cases. In the control group number of women with such a condition was 2.1 times less (p<0.05). The women with abortions are not aware about contraceptives and assume that abortions are safer in 2.1 times more often than women in control group. To prevent occurrence of undesired pregnancy it is necessary to enhance sanitary education concerning application of contraceptives and to provide possibility of free provision of articles.

Conocimientos de higiene oral de acudientes y su relación con caries en menores de 5 años / Parent's Knowledge about Oral Hygiene and its Relation with Cavities in Children under 5 Years of Age / Conhecimentos sobre higiene oral que os adultos responsáveis de crianças têm e a sua relação com as cáries em infantes com menos de 5 anos

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los conocimientos en higiene oral que poseen los acudientes y su relación con la presencia de caries dental de niños menores de 5 años que asisten a un centro de salud de Medellín. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles. El grupo de casos estuvo conformado por los acudientes, cuyos niños tuvieran un índice ceo-d mayor que cero. El grupo control lo conformaron los acudientes cuyos niños tuvieron un índice ceo-d igual a cero. Las fuentes de información fueron la valoración odontológica para determinar la existencia o no de caries cavitacional, la historia clínica y un instrumento sobre los conocimientos de higiene de los acudientes. Se analizó origen, apariencia y formas de prevención de la caries. Resultados: La presencia de caries dental estuvo asociada con falta de control de la cantidad de crema dental por parte de los acudientes, porque creían que dejaba más limpios los dientes (OR 4,29; IC 95 %: 1,74-10,62), porque creían que no hacía daño (OR 3,29; IC 95 %: 1,61-6,75). Conclusiones: se identificó la asociación entre las limitaciones en el conocimiento que sobre higiene oral tienen los acudientes y la existencia de caries dental en relación con la apariencia de la caries y el uso de la crema dental en los niños de la muestra. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de generar espacios de comunicación e interacción entre los profesionales de la salud y los usuarios, acciones educativas oportunas que generen impacto, la utilización de medios de comunicación y diferentes estrategias de información, educación y comunicación (IEC) que permitan una mayor aprehensión del conocimiento.

Abstract Objective: to identify parent's knowledge about oral hygiene and its relation with dental cavities in their children under 5 years of age, patients of a health center in Medellin. Methodology: Case and control study. The group of cases was composed by parents whose children had a DMFT index higher than zero. The control group was composed by parents whose children had a DMFT index equal to zero. Information was collected through dental evaluations, in order to determine the presence of cavities, clinic records and a document with parents' knowledge about dental hygiene. The origin, appearance and way to prevent the cavities were analyzed. Results: the presence of cavities was associated with lack of control of the amount of toothpaste on the parents' side, because they believed the teeth were kept cleaner (or 4,29; IC 95 %: 1,74-10,62), because they did not find it harmful (or 3,29; ic 95 %: 1,61-6,75). Conclusions: We identified an association between parents' poor knowledge about oral hygiene, the appearance of cavities and toothpaste usage in the sampled children. The results suggests a need to create communication and interaction spaces between health professionals and the users, and timely educational actions that could have an impact, using mass media and other information, education and communication (IEC) strategies that allow a better appropriation of knowledge.

Resumo Objetivo: identificar os conhecimentos sobre higiene oral que têm os adultos responsáveis de crianças e a sua relação com a aparição de cáries dentais em infantes com menos de 5 anos, pacientes de um centro de saúde em Medellín. Metodologia: realizou-se um estudo de casos e controles. O grupo de casos esteve conformado pelos adultos responsáveis, cujas crianças tiveram um índice ceo-d mais alto do que cero. As fontes de informação foram a valoração odontológica para determinar a existência ou não de cáries cavitacional, a história clínica e um instrumento sobre os conhecimentos de higiene dos adultos responsáveis de crianças. Analisou-se a origem, aparência e forma de prevenção de cáries. Resultados: a presencia de cáries dentais associou-se com falta de controle da quantidade de creme dental por parte dos adultos responsáveis, porque achavam que os dentes ficavam mais limpos (or 4,29; IC 95 %: 1,74-10,62), porque achavam que não era nocivo (or 3,29; ic 95 %: 1,61-6,75). Conclusões: identificou-se a associação entre as limitações no conhecimento que tem os adultos responsáveis sobre higiene oral e a existência de cáries dentais em relação com a aparência da cárie e o uso do creme dental nas crianças da amostra. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de gerar espaços de comunicação e de interação entre os profissionais de saúde e os usuários, ações educativas oportunas que gerem impacto, a utilização de meios de comunicação e diferentes estratégias de informação, educação e comunicação (IEC) que permitam mais apropriação do conhecimento.

Educación sobre cáncer cervicouterino en la adolescencia / Education on cervical uterine cancer in the adolescence

RESUMEN El cáncer cervicouterino es el segundo en frecuencia entre féminas y causa importante de mobimortalidad. El riesgo de padecerlo está asociado a estilos de vida insanos, sobre todo en la adolescencia, momento en que se inicia la formación de actitudes y consolidan valores. Con el objetivo de estructurar los referentes teóricos que sustentan la relevancia de la educación en cáncer cervicouterino desde la adolescencia como contribución a su prevención, se revisaron 41 artículos científicos. Este es un proceso anarquicoproliferativo celular que se inicia con cambios neoplásicos intraepiteliales, que entre 10 y 20 años pueden transformarse en invasor. Dentro de los factores de riesgo se destacan el inicio precoz de las relaciones sexuales, promiscuidad, no uso de condón, uso prolongado de contraceptivos hormonales, multiparidad, embarazo juvenil, factores inmunológicos, tabaquismo, dieta baja en carotenos, antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad e infecciones de transmisión sexual, sobre todo por el virus del papiloma humano que constituye el principal. La prevención se sostiene fundamentalmente en la citología cervicovaginal, para la detección precoz de la lesión, así como en la promoción de salud a través de actividades educativas, preferentemente desde la adolescencia. El inicio temprano de la actividad sexual, las conductas sexuales de las nuevas generaciones y la alta frecuencia de infección por papiloma virus en adolescentes, hace que se presente este cáncer a edades más tempranas, por lo que debe modificarse la cobertura de edad para la citología cervicovaginal, así como considerar la vacunación masiva, antes del inicio de las relaciones sexuales (AU).

ABSTRACT Cervical uterine cancer is the second one in frequency among women and an important cause of morbimortality. The risk of suffering it is associated to insane life styles, mainly in the adolescence, when attitudes began their formation and values are consolidated. 41 scientific articles were reviewed with the aim of structuring the theoretical references backing the relevance of education in cervical uterine cancer since the adolescence as a contribution to its prevention. Cervical uterine cancer is an anarchic proliferative cell process that begins with neoplastic intra epithelial changes; during the age period from 10 to 20 years it could become invasive. Among the risk factors stand out the precocious beginning of sexual relations, promiscuity, not using condoms, the long use of hormonal contraceptives, multiparity, youth pregnancy, immunologic factors, smoking, low-carotene diet, familiar antecedents and sexually transmitted diseases, mainly in the case of human papilloma virus. Preventions is sustained mainly on the cervical-vaginal cytology for the precocious detection of the lesion, and also the health promotion through educative activities preferably since the adolescence. The early beginning of the sexual activity, the sexual behavior of the new generations and the high frequency of infections caused by human papilloma virus in teenagers lead to the presentation of this cancer at earlier ages, consequently the age coverage for the cervical vaginal cytology should be modified, and also the massive vaccination before the beginning of the sexual relationships should be considered (AU).

Educación sobre cáncer cervicouterino en la adolescencia / Education on cervical uterine cancer in the adolescence

RESUMEN El cáncer cervicouterino es el segundo en frecuencia entre féminas y causa importante de mobimortalidad. El riesgo de padecerlo está asociado a estilos de vida insanos, sobre todo en la adolescencia, momento en que se inicia la formación de actitudes y consolidan valores. Con el objetivo de estructurar los referentes teóricos que sustentan la relevancia de la educación en cáncer cervicouterino desde la adolescencia como contribución a su prevención, se revisaron 41 artículos científicos. Este es un proceso anarquicoproliferativo celular que se inicia con cambios neoplásicos intraepiteliales, que entre 10 y 20 años pueden transformarse en invasor. Dentro de los factores de riesgo se destacan el inicio precoz de las relaciones sexuales, promiscuidad, no uso de condón, uso prolongado de contraceptivos hormonales, multiparidad, embarazo juvenil, factores inmunológicos, tabaquismo, dieta baja en carotenos, antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad e infecciones de transmisión sexual, sobre todo por el virus del papiloma humano que constituye el principal. La prevención se sostiene fundamentalmente en la citología cervicovaginal, para la detección precoz de la lesión, así como en la promoción de salud a través de actividades educativas, preferentemente desde la adolescencia. El inicio temprano de la actividad sexual, las conductas sexuales de las nuevas generaciones y la alta frecuencia de infección por papiloma virus en adolescentes, hace que se presente este cáncer a edades más tempranas, por lo que debe modificarse la cobertura de edad para la citología cervicovaginal, así como considerar la vacunación masiva, antes del inicio de las relaciones sexuales (AU).

ABSTRACT Cervical uterine cancer is the second one in frequency among women and an important cause of morbimortality. The risk of suffering it is associated to insane life styles, mainly in the adolescence, when attitudes began their formation and values are consolidated. 41 scientific articles were reviewed with the aim of structuring the theoretical references backing the relevance of education in cervical uterine cancer since the adolescence as a contribution to its prevention. Cervical uterine cancer is an anarchic proliferative cell process that begins with neoplastic intra epithelial changes; during the age period from 10 to 20 years it could become invasive. Among the risk factors stand out the precocious beginning of sexual relations, promiscuity, not using condoms, the long use of hormonal contraceptives, multiparity, youth pregnancy, immunologic factors, smoking, low-carotene diet, familiar antecedents and sexually transmitted diseases, mainly in the case of human papilloma virus. Preventions is sustained mainly on the cervical-vaginal cytology for the precocious detection of the lesion, and also the health promotion through educative activities preferably since the adolescence. The early beginning of the sexual activity, the sexual behavior of the new generations and the high frequency of infections caused by human papilloma virus in teenagers lead to the presentation of this cancer at earlier ages, consequently the age coverage for the cervical vaginal cytology should be modified, and also the massive vaccination before the beginning of the sexual relationships should be considered (AU).

Educación sobre salud reproductiva y prevención de osteoporosis en el Instituto Preuniversitario José Luis Dubrocq. Matanzas. 2013- 2015 / Education on reproductive health and osteoporosis prevention in the Senior High School Jose Luis Dubrocq. Matanzas. 2013-2015

Introducción: la conducta y estilos de vida de los adolescentes pueden ser peligrosos y poco saludables, por lo que es necesario un abordaje integral de su educación sanitaria. Objetivo: implementar un programa educativo diseñado que contribuya al desarrollo de conocimientos sobre salud reproductiva y prevención de osteoporosis, en adolescentes de décimo grado del Instituto Preuniversitario Urbano "José Luis Dubrocq" del municipio Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: estudio de intervención entre febrero 2014 y marzo 2015, de tres etapas: validación por especialistas de un programa y materiales educativos, implementación del programa y evaluación de conocimientos post intervención a 180 estudiantes de ambos sexos seleccionados aleatoriamente (45% de la población) a quienes previamente se les realizó el diagnóstico de las necesidades de aprendizaje. Se calculó el coeficiente de variación para determinar el grado de concordancia de criterio entre los especialistas y la prueba de la t de student para comparar la media aritmética de los conocimientos antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: la validación del programa y plegables fue satisfactoria, y las sugerencias se tuvieron en cuenta para su perfeccionamiento. El nivel de conocimiento de los adolescentes fue evaluado de bien después de la intervención. Conclusiones: se comprueba la eficacia del programa educativo al constatarse el desarrollo de conocimientos sobre los temas (AU).

Introduction: teenagers´ behavior and life styles might be dangerous and unhealthy, so it is necessary an integral approach to their sanitary education. Objective: to implement a designed educative program for contributing to the development of knowledge on reproductive health and osteoporosis prevention in ten-grade teenagers from the Senior High School ¨Jose Luis Dubrocq¨, municipality of Matanzas. Materials and methods: prevention study carried out in the period February 2014-March 2015, in three stages: validation of a program and educative materials by a specialist, program implementation and evaluation of the post-intervention knowledge in 180 male and female students randomly chosen (45 % of the population), whose learning necessities were previously diagnosed. The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated to determine the level of concordance criteria between specialists, and the T student test was applied to compare the arithmetic mean of the knowledge before and after intervention. Results: the validation of the program and fold-downs was acceptable, and the suggestions were taking into account for their improvement. The level of the teenagers´ knowledge was evaluated as good after the intervention. Conclusions: the efficacy of the educative program was proved because the development of the knowledge on the themes was stated (AU).

Educación sobre salud reproductiva y prevención de osteoporosis en el Instituto Preuniversitario José Luis Dubrocq. Matanzas. 2013- 2015 / Education on reproductive health and osteoporosis prevention in the Senior High School Jose Luis Dubrocq. Matanzas. 2013-2015

Introducción: la conducta y estilos de vida de los adolescentes pueden ser peligrosos y poco saludables, por lo que es necesario un abordaje integral de su educación sanitaria. Objetivo: implementar un programa educativo diseñado que contribuya al desarrollo de conocimientos sobre salud reproductiva y prevención de osteoporosis, en adolescentes de décimo grado del Instituto Preuniversitario Urbano "José Luis Dubrocq" del municipio Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: estudio de intervención entre febrero 2014 y marzo 2015, de tres etapas: validación por especialistas de un programa y materiales educativos, implementación del programa y evaluación de conocimientos post intervención a 180 estudiantes de ambos sexos seleccionados aleatoriamente (45% de la población) a quienes previamente se les realizó el diagnóstico de las necesidades de aprendizaje. Se calculó el coeficiente de variación para determinar el grado de concordancia de criterio entre los especialistas y la prueba de la t de student para comparar la media aritmética de los conocimientos antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: la validación del programa y plegables fue satisfactoria, y las sugerencias se tuvieron en cuenta para su perfeccionamiento. El nivel de conocimiento de los adolescentes fue evaluado de bien después de la intervención. Conclusiones: se comprueba la eficacia del programa educativo al constatarse el desarrollo de conocimientos sobre los temas (AU).

Introduction: teenagers´ behavior and life styles might be dangerous and unhealthy, so it is necessary an integral approach to their sanitary education. Objective: to implement a designed educative program for contributing to the development of knowledge on reproductive health and osteoporosis prevention in ten-grade teenagers from the Senior High School ¨Jose Luis Dubrocq¨, municipality of Matanzas. Materials and methods: prevention study carried out in the period February 2014-March 2015, in three stages: validation of a program and educative materials by a specialist, program implementation and evaluation of the post-intervention knowledge in 180 male and female students randomly chosen (45 % of the population), whose learning necessities were previously diagnosed. The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated to determine the level of concordance criteria between specialists, and the T student test was applied to compare the arithmetic mean of the knowledge before and after intervention. Results: the validation of the program and fold-downs was acceptable, and the suggestions were taking into account for their improvement. The level of the teenagers´ knowledge was evaluated as good after the intervention. Conclusions: the efficacy of the educative program was proved because the development of the knowledge on the themes was stated (AU).

Parâmetros de qualidade do leite bovino em propriedades de agricultura familiar / Quality parameters of bovine milk from family farms

Propriedades da agricultura familiar tem contribuído para aumentar a produção leiteira, e podem ser considerados importantes para cadeia produtiva do leite. A higiene no processo produtivo deve ser o foco principal para garantir maior produção e qualidade do leite. Monitorou-se a qualidade do leite de vacas, em propriedades da agricultura familiar, no município de Bofete/SP, antes e após a adoção de medidas de controle. Avaliaram-se 21 propriedades, selecionadas por conveniência. Após período inicial de 13 coletas para monitoramento de CCS e CBT, os proprietários dos dois grupos (G1 e G2) receberam orientações técnicas sobre mastite e qualidade do leite, em atividade de dia de campo. Os proprietários do G1 além dessas atividades receberam intervenção no manejo utilizado, com visita técnica, e orientações individuais quanto à maneira adequada de ordenha e obtenção higiênica do leite. Posteriormente foram realizadas novas coletas quinzenais (n=12) como anteriormente, de amostras de leite de conjunto, de cada propriedade dos dois grupos, bem como do tanque comunitário. Foram consideradas variáveis climáticas como precipitação, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Observou-se uma variação dos resultados de cada coleta tanto para CCS/mL de leite quanto para CBT/mL de leite, nos dois períodos. Quanto a CCS no G1 houve uma diminuição significativa (P < 0,02), enquanto que para CBT houve um ligeiro aumento, bem menor, quando comparado ao valor mediano que foi de 381x103 UFC/mL de leite no G2. Os resultados medianos de CCS/mL de leite e de CBT/mL de leite do tanque comunitário foram mais elevados nas duas fases (períodos), entretanto muito superior para CBT. A análise das variáveis climáticas evidenciou aumento das medianas nos três parâmetros avaliados. A correlação entre essas variáveis e qualidade do leite, não mostrou diferenças para o Log10 da CCS e CBT. Pode-se concluir pela higiene precária no manejo de ordenha.(AU)

Family operated dairies have contributed to increase milk production and can be considered important in the milk production chain. Hygiene in the productive process must be the major focus to assure greater milk quality and production. The quality of milk from cows in family farms in the city of Bofete/SP was monitored before and after the establishment of control measures. Twenty-one dairy family farms, selected for convenience, were evaluated. After the initial period of 13 collections for SCC and TBC monitoring, farmers of the two groups (G1 and G2) received technical guidance about mastitis and milk quality during a day of field activity. G1 farmers, besides these activities, received intervention in the adopted management by means of technical visit and individual guidance as to adequate milking manner and hygienic milk production. Then, new fortnight collections (n=12) were performed, as previously, of a set of milk samples from each farm and both groups, as well as from the community tank. Climate variables were considered, such as rainfall, temperature and relative humidity. There was a variation in the results of each collection for both SCC/mL milk and TBC/mL milk in the two periods. As to SCC in G1, there was a statistically significant decrease (P < 0.02), while for TBC there was a slight increase, rather lower compared to the median value, which was 381x103 CFU/mL milk in G2. The median results of SCC/mL milk and TBC/mL milk from the community tank were greater in the two stages (periods), but much superior for TBC. Analysis of the climate variables evidenced an increase in the medians for all three evaluated parameters. The correlation between these variables and milk quality did not show differences for Log10 of SCC and TBC. It can be concluded that the milking management hygiene was precarious.(AU)

Educación sanitaria integral del adolescente en el Instituto Preuniversitario Urbano José Luis Dubrocq, de Matanzas / Teenagers’ integral sanitary education at the Urban Senior High School Jose Luis Dubrocq, of Matanzas

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con el objetivo de elaborar un programa que contribuya a la educación sanitaria integral del adolescente en el Instituto Preuniversitario Urbano José Luis Dubrocq, del municipio Matanzas, de septiembre de 2013 a abril de 2014. Se aplicó un cuestionario para medir necesidades de aprendizaje sobre algunos aspectos generales de la reproducción humana y prevención de osteoporosis a 180 estudiantes de décimo grado de ambos sexos seleccionados al azar, de 396 matriculados en dicho centro escolar, que representan 45 % de la población. El análisis de fiabilidad se realizó mediante el coeficiente alpha de Cronbach, el cual presentó un valor de α=0,82, por lo que la encuesta cumplió con el supuesto de fiabilidad, y el análisis de validez se estableció a través del coeficiente de determinación de la regresión lineal, que en este caso fue R2=0,80, que permitió considerar la encuesta válida. El nivel de conocimiento de los adolescentes fue evaluado de regular; y las necesidades educativas sentidas, de altas. Se concluyó que la educación sanitaria en los temas estudiados es insuficiente, y se diseñó un programa educativo para elevar los conocimientos sobre dichos temas, el cual será impartido por estudiantes de Medicina capacitados como promotores pares, realizándose recomendaciones para incrementar la asesoría facultativa con la participación de la escuela, para promover comportamientos saludables.

We carried out a cross-sectional descriptive study with the aim of elaborating a program contributing to the teenagers’ integral sanitary education in the Urban Senior High School José Luis Dubrocq, of Matanzas municipality, from September 2013 to April 2014. An inquiry was applied to assess the learning necessities on several general aspects of human reproduction and osteoporosis prevention. 180 male and female 10-grade students, randomly chosen among the 396 matriculated in that school, answered it, representing 45 % of the population. The reliability analysis was carried out through the Cronbach alpha coefficient, presenting a value of R2=0,82, so the inquiry fulfilled the reliability assumption, and the validity analysis was established through the lineal regression determination, R2=0,80 in this case, allowing to consider the inquiry suitable. The teenagers’ knowledge level was evaluated as regular and the educative necessities as high. We arrived to the conclusion that sanitary education in the studied themes is unsatisfactory; an educative program was designed to increase knowledge on these themes. It will be teach by trained Medicine students as peer promoters, giving recommendations to increase medical counseling with the school participation, to promote healthy behaviors.

Conhecimento de manipuladores de carne sobre o complexo teniose-cisticercose e Boas Práticas de Manipulação de alimentos em Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil / Meat handlers knowledge of taeniosis-cysticercosis complex and goodmanufacturing practices in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil

O estudo objetivou avaliar o conhecimento de manipuladores de carne do Município de Jaboticabal, Estado de São Paulo, sobre o complexo teniose-cisticercose e sobre as Boas Práticas de Manipulação dos alimentos. Participaram do estudo 25 estabelecimentos, dos quais nove de pequeno porte, dez de médio porte e seis de grande porte. A coleta de dados foi feita por aplicação de questionários estruturados com 21 questões fechadas que contemplaram dados quantitativos e qualitativos. Cada questão foi considerada como uma variável e as respostas foram analisadas descritivamente e pelo método de Análise de Correspondência. Através dos resultados pode-se verificar que os profissionais entrevistados desconheciam o assunto, sinalizando falta de capacitação para identificar possíveis perigos, como a cisticercose. Numericamente, as empresas de porte médio foram as que apresentaram melhor nível de conhecimento sobre boas práticas de manipulação, apesar de não ter sido constatada diferença estatística relevante no nível de conhecimento sobre o complexo teniose-cisticercose em relação ao porte da empresa.  Conclui-se que há necessidade de um trabalho de educação sanitária direcionado a esses profissionais.

This study aimed to evaluate meat handler’s knowledge of teniasis-cysticercosis complex and Good food Handling Practices insupermarkets, grocery stores, and butcher shops from Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. For that, were evaluated 25 commercialestablishments, of which nine are small merchants, ten are medium-sized shops, and six were considered as large super-markets.Data were collected with closed questionnaires with 21 questions on quantitative and qualitative information. Each question wasconsidered as a single variable and the answers were analyzed descriptively and by correspondence analysis multivariate statistics.The data show the interviewed professionals were unaware of the issue, indicating lack of training for recognition of possible risks,as the cysticercosis. Despite the medium-sized establishments showed better results, the overall results are equivalent on thestatistical analysis. Therefore, sanitary educational practices directed to these professionals are strongly recommended to improvefood safety.

Effects of Sanitary Education Administered to Elementary and Middle School Foodservice Employees with Work Experience

This study evaluated the effects of sanitary education administered to elementary and middle school foodservice employees with work experience. The subjects of this study were 360 school foodservice employees in Gyeonggi-do during August, 2010. Sanitary education and awareness were assessed using three major dimensions: food sanitation (six items), personal hygiene (five items), and environmental sanitation (three items). Each dimension was categorized according to several items in the form of a self-evaluated Likert 5 point scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS WIN Version 12.0 package. The results showed that employees who worked for 5~10 years in the foodservice industry scored better in three dimensions before sanitary education compared to other groups. After sanitary education, all employees scored better in food sanitation than before, and employees who worked less than 5 years scored better at personal hygiene dimension than other groups. For environmental sanitation, employees who worked for 5~10 years scored better than other groups. Employees who worked for more than 10 years scored worse before and after sanitary education but scored highest for sanitary awareness. Employees between the ages of 31 and 40 showed significantly different scores before and after sanitary education.

Social medicine in brazil: an alliance between sanitary education and popular pedagogy / Medicina social no Brasil: uma aliança entre educação sanitária e pedagogia popular

This study unfolds from the analysis of a set of documents collected during my doctoral research, which investigated the management of filth and its relationship with the governing of populations during the formation and development of modern cities. In this set, annals of Brazilian hygiene congresses, conducted during the first half of the twentieth century, a period characterized by the enlargement of techniques and practices of social medicine, were selected. Such annals of congresses and some laws of the time evidence the construction of an alliance between Sanitary Education and techniques of popular pedagogy, responsible for the population adherence to standards of conducts countersigned in social hygiene requirements. From Michel Foucault's writings on genealogical analysis, descent lines are described about healthy modes of conduct which, in turn, produce some effects in contemporary truth about personal and social hygiene.(AU)

Este estudo é desdobramento da análise de um conjunto de documentos coletados durante minha pesquisa de doutorado, em que se investigou sobre a gestão das imundícies e sua relação com o governo das populações durante a formação e desenvolvimento das cidades modernas. Neste conjunto, foram selecionados anais de congressos brasileiros de higiene, realizados durante a primeira metade do século XX, período caracterizado pela ampliação de técnicas e práticas de medicina social. Estes anais de congressos e algumas legislações da época evidenciam a construção de uma aliança entre Educação Sanitária e técnicas da pedagogia popular, responsáveis pela adesão da população a padrões de condutas referendadas em preceitos de higiene social. A partir dos escritos sobre análise genealógica de Michel Foucault, descrevem-se linhas de proveniências sobre os modos de conduta saudáveis e que, por sua vez, produzem na contemporaneidade alguns efeitos de verdade sobre higiene individual e social.(AU)

Social medicine in brazil: an alliance between sanitary education and popular pedagogy / Medicina social no Brasil: uma aliança entre educação sanitária e pedagogia popular

This study unfolds from the analysis of a set of documents collected during my doctoral research, which investigated the management of filth and its relationship with the governing of populations during the formation and development of modern cities. In this set, annals of Brazilian hygiene congresses, conducted during the first half of the twentieth century, a period characterized by the enlargement of techniques and practices of social medicine, were selected. Such annals of congresses and some laws of the time evidence the construction of an alliance between Sanitary Education and techniques of popular pedagogy, responsible for the population adherence to standards of conducts countersigned in social hygiene requirements. From Michel Foucault's writings on genealogical analysis, descent lines are described about healthy modes of conduct which, in turn, produce some effects in contemporary truth about personal and social hygiene...

Este estudo é desdobramento da análise de um conjunto de documentos coletados durante minha pesquisa de doutorado, em que se investigou sobre a gestão das imundícies e sua relação com o governo das populações durante a formação e desenvolvimento das cidades modernas. Neste conjunto, foram selecionados anais de congressos brasileiros de higiene, realizados durante a primeira metade do século XX, período caracterizado pela ampliação de técnicas e práticas de medicina social. Estes anais de congressos e algumas legislações da época evidenciam a construção de uma aliança entre Educação Sanitária e técnicas da pedagogia popular, responsáveis pela adesão da população a padrões de condutas referendadas em preceitos de higiene social. A partir dos escritos sobre análise genealógica de Michel Foucault, descrevem-se linhas de proveniências sobre os modos de conduta saudáveis e que, por sua vez, produzem na contemporaneidade alguns efeitos de verdade sobre higiene individual e social...

Campylobacter bacteremia in hemodialysis patients by eating raw meat - the importance of sanitary education.

In 2011, simultaneous, widespread outbreaks of food poisoning by contaminated enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in beef, which killed four and hospitalized more than 30 people, occurred in Japan. While the press was widely reporting this disaster, two maintenance hemodialysis patients were suffering from Campylobacter bacteremia by eating undercooked meat. One patient was infected with C. upsaliensis and the other with C. fetus. Although these patients could be successfully treated, they led us to consider the characteristics of C. upsaliensis and C. fetus as opportunistic pathogens, as well as changes in dietary behaviors and food markets. Moreover, they emphasized the need for hemodialysis patients to be not only educated in that they should restrict potassium, phosphate and water intake, but also that they should take care of food sanitation.

Elaboração e avaliação de material educativo impresso para auxiliar na adesão medicamentosa de pacientes pediátricos pós-alta hospitalar / Development and evaluation of printed educational material to improve the medication compliance of pediatric patients after hospital discharge

O uso frequente de medicamentos off-label ou não licenciados na área da pediatria é um problema mundial que ocorre devido à indisponibilidade de formas farmacêuticas adequadas com dosagens apropriadas para a administração em crianças. Durante a internação, tal dificuldade pode ser contornada a partir da derivação de formas farmacêuticas sólidas, originando as chamadas preparações líquidas extemporâneas. Porém, para garantir o uso dos medicamentos após a alta hospitalar mesmo quando a família não pode pagar a manipulação destes, faz-se necessária uma orientação adequada de como realizar a derivação em casa pelo próprio cuidador do paciente. Objetivos: elaborar e avaliar um material educativo impresso (MEI) para auxiliar na preparação de medicamentos extemporâneos pós-alta hospitalar em pediatria. Métodos: Foi elaborada uma primeira versão de MEI e avaliada por 26 profissionais da saúde por meio do instrumento EVALPEM (Evaluation of Printed Education Materials) modificado. A partir das contribuições dos profissionais foi elaborada uma segunda versão avaliada por 5 cuidadores de crianças utilizando-se o questionário adaptado de Doak. Resultados: a primeira versão do MEI foi bem aceita pela maioria dos profissionais, onde 80,8% dos participantes consideraram as informações como sendo de qualidade e 87,5% concordaram totalmente com o domínio, legibilidade e características de impressão. A segunda versão obteve 89,1% no domínio compreensão, 90,6% em autoeficácia e 100% em atratividade, aceitação cultural e persuasão. Conclusões: o MEI demonstrou ser uma ferramenta importante para orientar o preparo

The frequent use of non-licensed or off-label drugs in pediatrics is a world problem that occurs due to the unavailability of appropriate pharmaceutical forms with proper doses to administration in children. During hospitalization, this difficulty can be avoided with the derivation of solid pharmaceutical forms, originating the so-called extemporaneous liquid preparations. Nevertheless, to guarantee the use of medication after hospital discharge – especially when the family cannot pay for its manipulation –, it is necessary to provide appropriate guidance to caregivers on how to prepare the derivation at home. Aim: to create and evaluate printed educational material (PEM) to help in the preparation of extemporaneous formulations after hospital discharge in pediatrics. Methods: a first version of the PEM was created and evaluated by 26 health workers, using the instrument EVALPEM (Evaluation of Printed Education Materials) modified. From the contribution of these professionals, a new version was developed and evaluated by five children caregivers, using an adaptation of the Doak questionnaire. Results: The first version of the PEM was well-accepted by most of the professionals, as 80.8% of them completely agreed about the quality of the information and 87.5% totally agreed about the legibility and printing features. The second version received 89.1% of approval in the field understanding, 90.6% in self-effectiveness, and 100% in atractiveness, cultural acceptance, and persuasion. Conclusions: The PEM proved to be an important tool to guide the correct preparation and administration of extemporaneous formulations by the caregivers of pediatric patients

Educação sanitária e saúde pública em Minas Gerais na primeira metade do século XX / Sanitary education and public health in the State of Minas Gerais in the first half of the twentieth century

Apresenta resultados preliminares de estudo sobre a saúde pública em Minas Gerais, na primeira metade do século XX. Analisa, de maneira específica, a questão da educação sanitária e as estratégias de divulgação de preceitos de medicina entre a população mineira.

Evaluation of Foodservice Employees' Sanitary Performance and Sanitary Education in Middle and High Schools in Seoul

This study was conducted to evaluate the sanitary performance and education of middle and high school foodservice employees in Seoul, South Korea in order to ensure the foodservice safety and identify why some employees cannot apply learned knowledge in real work situations. Subjects consisted of 217 school foodservice employees who attended a regular sanitary education program under the auspices of the Seoul Gangdong and Gangseo district offices. The sanitary performance was assessed with 5 dimensions (personal hygiene, ingredient control, process control, safety management and sanitary education), and was self-evaluated using a Likert 5 point scale. The data were analyzed using the SPSSWIN Version 12.0 package. The main results of the study showed that according to the general characteristics of middle and high school foodservice employees, 98.2% of respondents were women, and 64.1% of them aged 40-49. A total mean score of 5 items of sanitary performance for middle and high school employees was 4.74. Ingredient control field score was 4.83, process control 4.80 and personal hygiene 4.74. In contrast, the sanitary education field score was 4.56, significantly lower than the total mean score. Safety management field score was 4.71. Verbal education was the main method performed as a sanitary education in schools.

Analysis of the School Foodservice Facilities & Sanitary Education (Seoul, Gyeonggi, Kangwon and Choongchung Areas in Korea) / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to analyze the status of school foodservice facilities, utilities and equipment & sanitary education in provinces, This study was carried out from September 2008 until December 2008 and is targeted towards schools' dietitians that work at schools with school foodservice. 1,623 schools participated in this research and Kangwondo, Choongchungdo including the metropolitan area with frequent occurrence of food bone disease were the targets of this research. The regional distribution of this research is as follows; 377 schools in Seoul, 648 schools in Gyeonggido, 160 schools in Kangwondo, 438 schools in Choongchungdo equaling 1,623 schools in total. And out of the total 1,623 schools, 815 (50.2%) were elementary schools and 808 (48.8%) were middle and high schools (p<0.001). Most of the elementary schools, excluding 4 schools, were self-operated. In the case with middle and high schools, 81.5% (513 schools) were selfoperated and 18.4% (295 schools) were contracted. When dealing with the sanitation management of school foodservice in Kangwondo and Seoul, elementary schools were less equipped with equipment and facilities than middle and high schools which proved that they were in need of improvements (p<0.01). Schools with self-operated foodservice, in particular, were in need of preparation zone improvements. 52.3%~88.0% of stainless equipment such as utensils, spoons/chopsticks, subsidiary food tray, and food trays were sterilized by dryers. Work tables, vegetable slicers, and mincers were chemically sterilized and plastic materials were sterilized by ultraviolet rays. Data from newspapers, Internet and TV are collected beforehand and then an annual hygiene educations plan for employees are put together. Hygiene education for employees are carried out monthly through oral method.